The Role of Methotrexate Chemotherapy in Impeding Rupture - Low-Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Management: A Case Report
Abstract
Background: Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is a type of malignant growth that originates from abnormal proliferation of placental trophoblast. GTN can even be cured in its metastatic forms with a high success rate of 90-100%. However, estimating the incidence of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) in Indonesia is challenging due to underreporting and lack of recognition. GTD can be classified into two types: hydatidiform mole and GTN. Low-risk GTN is currently treated with methotrexate.
Case presentation: A 24-year-old woman experienced vaginal bleeding for three weeks after her molar evacuation. Upon admission to Prof. Dr. Margono Seokarjo (RSMS) General Hospital, the patient was in grade III hypovolemic shock. Post-molar evacuation β-hCG examination showed increasing periodic, while ultrasound examination revealed thinning of the myometrium with vesicular pattern invaded at the fundus. Transvaginal examination results showed bilateral lutein cysts. The patient was diagnosed with low-risk GTN (FIGO score 6) with impending uterine rupture and bilateral non-papillary multilocular ovarian cysts.
Discussion: GTN during pregnancy requires accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. GTN patients who reach an undetectable β-hCG level are at risk of perforation, infection, and higher uterine bleeding. MTX chemotherapy has been proven effective as the main therapy for low-risk GTN, and the β-hCG level can be relied upon as an indicator of treatment response. The MTX chemotherapy provides a favorable prognosis for reducing β-hCG levels to prevent uterine rupture.
Conclusions: The administration of MTX chemotherapy successfully prevents rupture by reducing the β-hCG levels, followed by three cycles of consolidation therapy to prevent recurrence.
Peran Kemoterapi Metotrexat pada Tatalaksana Tumor Trofoblastik Gestational Risiko Rendah dengan Ancaman Ruptur Uteri: Laporan Kasus
Abstrak
Latar belakang: Neoplasia Trofoblas Gestasional (GTN) merujuk pada lesi ganas yang timbul dari proliferasi trofoblas plasenta yang abnormal. Meskipun dalam bentuk metastasis, GTN dapat disembuhkan dengan tingkat kesembuhan mencapai 90 – 100%. Di Indonesia, estimasi insiden GTD (Penyakit Trofoblas Gestasional) menjadi tantangan terutama karena tidak semua kasus dilaporkan atau dikenali. GTD terbagi menjadi mola hidatidosa dan neoplasia trofoblas gestasional (GTN). Saat ini, metotreksat direkomendasikan untuk GTN dengan risiko rendah
Presentasi Kasus: Seorang wanita berusia 24 tahun mengalami perdarahan vagina selama 3 minggu setelah evakuasi molanya. Saat masuk ke Rumah Sakit Umum Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo (RSMS), pasien dalam keadaan syok hipovolemik stadium III. Pemeriksaan β-hCG pascaevakuasi mola menunjukkan peningkatan periodik dan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi menunjukkan penipisan miometrium dengan pola vesikular yang menginvasi fundus. Hasil pemeriksaan transvaginal menunjukkan adanya kista lutein bilateral. Pasien didiagnosis dengan GTN risiko rendah (skor FIGO 6) dengan ancaman ruptur uterus dan kista ovarium multilokular bilateral non-papiler.
Pembahasan: GTN selama kehamilan membutuhkan diagnosis yang akurat dan pengobatan yang cepat. Kemoterapi metotreksat merupakan terapi utama untuk GTN dengan risiko rendah, dan tingkat β-hCG dapat digunakan sebagai indikator respons terhadap pengobatan. Pasien GTN yang mencapai tingkat β-hCG yang tidak terdeteksi berisiko mengalami perforasi, infeksi, dan perdarahan rahim yang lebih tinggi. Penggunaan metotreksat (MTX) sebagai pengobatan utama untuk GTN dengan risiko rendah telah terbukti efektif dan memberikan prognosis yang menguntungkan.
Kesimpulan: Pemberian kemoterpi MTX berhasil mencegah terjadinya ruptur karena kadar β-hCG menurun dan dilanjutkan terapi konsolidasi 3 siklus untuk mencegah terjadinya rekurensi.
Kata kunci: Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN), Plasenta Trofoblas, Methotrexate Ruptur Uteri.
Keywords
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/obgynia.v7i2.677
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