Dicephalic Parapagus Conjoined Twins in a 37 Week Dichorionic Twin Pregnancy: A Case Report

Febriani Febriani, Didik Suhendro, Nisa Faradisa Hernita


Abstract


Introduction: Conjoined twins are a rare congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete embryonic division between days 13 and 15 post-fertilization. Dicephalic parapagus is exceptionally rare, characterized by two heads on a single trunk with variable degrees of organ sharing, and is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Case presentation: A 20-year-old gravida 3 para 2 woman at 37 weeks was referred with suspected conjoined twins. Ultrasound revealed key clinical findings consistent with dicephalic parapagus, including two heads, a single thorax containing one heart, and shared abdominal organs (one liver, one kidney, one urinary bladder, and two gallbladders). After multidisciplinary planning, an elective cesarean section was performed, delivering live conjoined twins with ambiguous genitalia. The neonates were admitted to the NICU for stabilization and further imaging. The mother had an uncomplicated postoperative recovery and remained hemodynamically stable. The primary diagnosis was dicephalic parapagus with shared vital thoracoabdominal structures. The presence of a single functional heart, identified prenatally and confirmed postnatally, is the most decisive prognostic factor and significantly limits the possibility of surgical separation. This case highlights the importance of early prenatal detection and the role of coordinated multidisciplinary management.
Conclusions: As a rare and complex case, this report underscores the challenges of late diagnosis of severe congenital anomalies in resource-limited settings. It emphasizes the need for improved antenatal screening, comprehensive parental counseling, and ethical considerations when managing conjoined twins with non-separable anatomy.

Kembar Siam Parapagus Dicephalus pada Kehamilan Kembar Dikorionik 37 Minggu: Laporan Kasus

Abstrak
Pendahuluan: Kembar siam merupakan anomali kongenital yang sangat jarang terjadi akibat kegagalan pembelahan diskus embrionik antara hari ke-13 hingga ke-15 pascafertilisasi. Parapagus disefalus merupakan kasus yang sangat langka, ditandai dengan dua kepala pada satu batang tubuh dengan derajat berbagi organ yang bervariasi, serta memiliki morbiditas dan mortalitas perinatal yang tinggi.
Presentasi kasus: Seorang wanita berusia 20 tahun dengan gravida 3 para 2 pada usia kehamilan 37 minggu dirujuk dengan dugaan kehamilan kembar siam. Pemeriksaan ultrasonografi menunjukkan temuan klinis penting berupa parapagus disefalus, dengan dua kepala, satu toraks berisi satu jantung, serta organ abdomen yang berbagi, termasuk satu hati, dua kantong empedu, satu ginjal, dan satu kandung kemih. Setelah perencanaan multidisiplin, dilakukan seksio sesarea elektif dan berhasil melahirkan bayi kembar siam hidup dengan genitalia ambigu. Keduanya dirawat di NICU untuk stabilisasi dan pemeriksaan lanjutan, sementara ibu menjalani pemulihan pascaoperasi tanpa komplikasi. Diagnosis utama adalah parapagus disefalus dengan berbagai organ vital torakoabdominal yang digunakan bersama. Keberadaan satu jantung fungsional merupakan faktor prognostik paling kritis yang sangat membatasi kemungkinan dilakukan pemisahan bedah. Kasus ini menekankan pentingnya deteksi prenatal dini, konseling orang tua yang komprehensif, dan tata laksana perinatal yang terkoordinasi.
Kesimpulan: Sebagai kasus yang sangat langka dan kompleks, laporan ini menunjukkan tantangan diagnosis terlambat pada anomali kongenital berat, terutama di fasilitas kesehatan dengan sumber daya terbatas. Kasus ini menegaskan perlunya peningkatan kualitas skrining antenatal, edukasi keluarga, serta pertimbangan etis dalam menangani kembar siam dengan anatomi yang tidak dapat dipisahkan.

 


Keywords


Prenatal diagnosis; conjoined twins; neonatal outcome; cesarean section; dicephalus parapagus; multidisciplinary management

Full Text:

PDF

References


Shah RK, Jaiswal A, Mushtaq R, Ansari S, Shah P, Shrestha R, et al. Incidental Intraoperative Diagnosis of Term Conjoined Twins: A Case Series. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2023 Jan;61(257):87–90. DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7929

Afzal AR, Montero FJ. Conjoined Twins [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. 2023 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560839/

Mathew RP, Francis S, Basti RS, Suresh HB, Rajarathnam A, Cunha PD, et al. Conjoined twins - role of imaging and recent advances. J Ultrason. 2017 Dec;17(71):259–66. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2017.0038

Shah UK, Shah D, Rijal P, Yadav K, Bista M, Lamichhane S, et al. Dicephalic Parapagus Dibrachius Tripus Conjoined Twins: A Case Report of an Unusual Twinning Phenomenon. Clin case reports. 2025 Oct;13(10):e70956. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.70956.

N’Guessan E, N’Guessan R, Gbeli F, Guie P. A rare case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins. Int J Reprod Contraception, Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Dec 26;9:415. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20196057

Report C. CASE REPORT Early diagnosis and management of inseparable conjoint twins . A low-middle-income country experience. 2024;32(1).

Arkorful J, Agyeman EF, Nmai RA, Piersson AD. A rare case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins diagnosed in the third trimester. Radiol case reports. 2025 Jan;20(1):846–50. DOI: 10.20473/mog.V32I12024.68-73

Karn M, Mahato B, Sah P, Basnet A, Yonghang S, Pandit C. Dicephalus parapagus conjoined twins. Clin case reports. 2021 Aug;9(8):e04663. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4663.

Walcutt JE, Kline-Fath BM, Ayyala RS, Lim FY, Nagaraj UD. Fetal MRI findings in conjoined twin pregnancies. Pediatr Radiol. 2025 Aug;1(1):1–19. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-025-06323-1

Golbasi H, Torun R, Can ST, Ekin A. Diagnostic Impact of Fetal MRI in 556 Fetuses : Where It Adds Value Beyond Ultrasound. 2025;1–15. doi: 10.3390/jcm14196690

Kopa M, Siame L, Haluuma M, Sichila H, Kaluba P, Hamooya M, et al. Article Case report Parapagus dicephalus dipus tribrachius conjoined twins : a case report. Pan Afr Med J. 2025;50(51). DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2025.50.51.46382.

Mahajan S, Chauhan U, Gholap S, Yelam B. Parapagus dicephalus conjoined twin : a case report. 2020;7(1):217–9. DOI: 1018203/2349-3291.ijcp20195757

Guessan EN, Guessan RKN, Gbeli F, Guie P. Case Report A rare case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins. 2020;9(1):415–7. DOI: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20196057

Liang XW, Cai YY, Yang YZ, Chen ZY. Early ultrasound diagnosis of conjoined twins at eight weeks of pregnancy: A case report. World J Clin cases. 2020 Nov;8(21):5389–93. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i21.5389.

Vayna AM, Veduta A, Duta S, Panaitescu AM, Stoica S, Buinoiu N, et al. Diagnosis of Fetal Structural Anomalies at 11 to 14 Weeks. J ultrasound Med Off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med. 2018 Aug;37(8):2063–73. DOI: 10.1002/jum.14561.

Udine M, Loke YH, Goudar S, Donofrio MT, Truong U, Krishnan A. The current state and potential innovation of fetal cardiac MRI. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1219091. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1219091.

Lemmon ME, Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Barks MC, Bansal S, Annis D, et al. Family-Centered Care for Children and Families Impacted by Neonatal Seizures: Advice From Parents. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Nov;124:26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.07.013.

Committee CS. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): role of ultrasound in twin pregnancy. ISUOG. 2025;(January):253–76.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/obgynia.v9i2.1032

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


     
 

Creative Commons License
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Science is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
  Web Analytics
  View My Stat